标签： 夜上海

　　Wu yanbing

　　In autumn, the climate is dry and the temperature is low, so all kinds of discomfort symptoms of respiratory tract always love to make trouble in this season. Many people have this feeling. In autumn, their throats are like they can’t be pulled open. They are hot, dry and itchy, and have a lot of phlegm. If they are not careful, they will be harassed by coughing, which will be annoying. Today, let’s talk about why the respiratory tract is fragile in autumn and who is prone to cough.

Cough is not necessarily a bad thing.

　　The respiratory tract is divided into upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract includes mouth, nose, pharyngeal cavity and throat, and the lower respiratory tract consists of trachea, bronchus and lung. Respiratory tract is the internal organ that people have the most contact with the outside world every day, and it is vulnerable to various external stimuli, such as cold, heat, dryness and infection. However, the lung is a relatively "cute" organ. It does not feel hot or cold, pain or touch. Frankly speaking, it has no feeling, and the biggest response to injury is coughing.

　　When the airway is stimulated, the nerve reflex will make the human body produce a series of actions: the glottis are closed, and the breathing muscles contract rapidly to produce exhalation; Because the glottis is closed, the breath can’t go out, and the pressure in the chest cavity rises sharply, which in turn pushes the glottis open; Then, the gas is ejected at high speed, taking out the "bad" things in the trachea — — This is the protective defense mechanism of the lung.

　　Therefore, coughing is not necessarily "sick", and coughing when sick is not necessarily a bad thing. Cough can help people expel germs from the body, which is conducive to the improvement of their condition.

　　Of course, coughing is very annoying. Cough during the day; Cough at night; Talk too much and cough; Cough when inhaling cold air; Especially when coughing violently in public, not only the patient feels uncomfortable, but also others feel nervous. When some people cough violently, they will retch, affect their sleep, and even have pneumothorax. If the pleura on the lung surface ruptures, they will also have chest pain and hold their breath, which will be life-threatening in severe cases. Some patients with severe cough can lead to loss of consciousness, which is called "cough syncope" in medicine. This situation is very dangerous when driving or working at high altitude. Therefore, patients with relevant medical history should go to the hospital as soon as possible for symptomatic treatment.

　　According to the duration, there are three situations.

　　When it comes to coughing, we must first distinguish whether it is a real cough. Some people call the action similar to "clearing throat" cough, usually one or two times, because they feel uncomfortable in the throat or something sticks; Some coughs are habitual actions, which are common in smokers and are mostly caused by pharyngitis. What is really a cough is mostly manifested as a series of coughs one after another.

　　In medicine, cough is divided into acute cough, subacute cough and chronic cough according to the length of cough time.

　　1. Acute cough refers to cough within 3 weeks, mostly cough after infection, which is caused by diseases such as colds and tracheitis;

　　2. Subacute cough refers to cough from 3 weeks to 8 weeks. In addition, this situation occurs in older patients, mainly due to post-infection cough;

　　3. Chronic cough refers to cough with a course of more than 8 weeks. The main causes are cough variant asthma, postnasal drip syndrome (upper airway cough syndrome), eosinophilic bronchitis, gastroesophageal reflux cough and allergic cough.

　　Seasonal cough is mostly caused by these conditions.

　　Cough can appear all the year round, but it happens frequently when the season changes. Because the alternation of cold and hot is obvious when changing seasons, especially in autumn, many people do not pay attention to adding clothes and keeping warm in time, and their immunity is reduced, which will create opportunities for all kinds of bacteria and viruses to invade the human body, and then respiratory tract bacterial or viral infection will occur, and the incidence of cough after infection is higher, and respiratory tract infection is easy to induce cough variant asthma. This is also the main reason why everyone feels that it is easy to cough in autumn.

　　Why do you cough after respiratory tract infection? In fact, post-infection cough is a respiratory symptom caused by airway inflammation repair. After the infection improves, it will be cured by simply using antitussive drugs, and the course of disease is relatively short.

　　The essence of cough variant asthma is the increase of airway sensitivity caused by chronic airway inflammation, which is non-infectious and can be induced by respiratory infection without taking anti-inflammatory drugs. It may or may not be allergic. Although it is called "asthma", the patient has no breathing and his lung function is normal. However, some patients can turn into typical asthma. Therefore, correct treatment can reduce the incidence of typical asthma.

　　The dry and cold climate is very unfriendly to the airway, and the cold itself is a kind of stimulation, while the low temperature reduces the water content in the air, which makes the airway more sensitive when it is short of water, thus leading to cough and wheezing. Nasal cavity can warm and humidify inhaled air, but too dry, breathing with open mouth and strenuous exercise may reduce airway humidity and increase airway sensitivity.

　　In addition, there are allergic factors. In addition to spring, pollen allergy in autumn is also very serious, and both spring and autumn are the seasons prone to allergic cough, allergic rhinitis and asthma.

　　It should be reminded that cough variant asthma, postnasal drip syndrome, eosinophilic bronchitis and allergic cough are all related to allergies to some extent. If there are symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes and nose, and watery eyes while coughing, it will be very effective to receive antiallergic treatment if you go to the hospital to find out that eosinophils are high and total IgE (immunoglobulin E) is high.

　　Why do diagnostic tests often choose CT?

　　Theoretically, lung CT is not a necessary examination to see cough. In most cases, the lung CT findings of patients with simple cough are normal. Most chronic coughs, such as cough variant asthma, eosinophilic tracheitis, allergic cough, etc., have no obvious lesions in the lungs. Then why do doctors often recommend lung CT examination when they go to the hospital to see a cough?

　　Because doctors must first rule out some serious diseases, such as tuberculosis, lung cancer, bronchiectasis and so on. The treatment of these diseases is mainly to treat the primary disease, not to treat cough alone. Doctors should first see if there is any disease in the lungs, and the best way to "see" the lungs is lung CT and X-ray chest film.

　　Which is clearer, lung CT or X-ray chest film? Lung CT is relatively clear, X-ray chest film will produce many artifacts, and heart blood vessels and bones may also block the focus, so bronchiectasis and lung cancer are mostly diagnosed by lung CT, while infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia can be diagnosed according to X-ray chest film.

　　The attending doctor usually asks the patient’s medical history in detail, initially judges the nature of cough and considers what examination to do. For the elderly, patients with chronic cough and hemoptysis, lung CT examination is the first choice. Because the X-ray absorbed dose of lung CT examination is higher than that of chest X-ray film, it is suggested that patients should take the recent imaging results with them when they go to different hospitals one after another to avoid repeated examination.

　　Do I have to take medicine for coughing?

　　Many old people give medicine to their children when they cough, saying, "I want to suppress the disease"; Some patients are afraid of tracheitis, and then turn into chronic cough, and take medicine as soon as cough appears. But as long as it is medicine, there are side effects, especially for children. Therefore, if you don’t have a severe cough, don’t take cough medicine in a hurry, but see a doctor in time to take medicine for the cause.

　　For patients with cough, the doctor’s primary concern is whether there is respiratory infection. If there is a severe cough, the stimulation of the airway may aggravate the inflammatory reaction and delay the improvement of the condition. This situation requires symptomatic medication. Let’s talk about what drugs may be used for cough.

　　● antitussive drugs

　　Antitussive drugs work quickly, but they don’t target the cause. Commonly used antitussive drugs mainly include compound methoxyphenamine, licorice tablets, dextromethorphan, compound codeine syrup, traditional Chinese medicine pulmonary cough, loquat syrup, etc., which can achieve antitussive purpose by inhibiting central and peripheral cough reflex, antiallergic, bronchiectasis and other mechanisms. Among them, compound methoxyphenamine is mostly used to treat acute and chronic cough, and compound dextromethorphan solution is often used to treat cough after a cold.

　　Most western medicine antitussive drugs are compound preparations, which may include antitussive, chlorpheniramine, pseudoephedrine, etc., with relatively more side effects, but little impact, so you can take them with confidence. Taking chlorpheniramine will cause drowsiness, which is not suitable for professionals who need to concentrate on their work, such as drivers. You can change other antitussive drugs according to your doctor’s advice.

　　It should be noted that most western medicine compound antitussive drugs have the same ingredients or substitute ingredients, so do not take them at the same time.

　　● Antiallergic drugs

　　Commonly used antiallergic drugs include loratadine and cetirizine, which are suitable for cough caused by allergic factors, especially for patients with allergic rhinitis.

　　Among them, montelukast is a relatively safe drug for treating asthma and allergic rhinitis, and can be used simultaneously with other antiallergic drugs.

　　In addition, among inhaled hormones and bronchodilators, salmeterol and fluticasone, budesonide and formoterol are commonly used to treat cough variant asthma, eosinophilic tracheitis, allergic cough, etc., which can reduce the probability of patients developing typical asthma while relieving cough.

　　Many patients are worried about the side effects when they hear hormones. In fact, these drugs have been on the market for a long time, and the incidence of serious side effects observed is very low, which is relatively safe. It is important to gargle in time after inhalation to remove the excess drugs in the mouth.

　　Low acid inhibitor

　　Include omeprazole and lansoprazole, which can inhibit gastric acid secretion, and is mainly used for gastroesophageal reflux cough.

　　● Antibiotics

　　Including cephalosporins, azithromycin, etc., mainly used for cough caused by infection.

　　Low expectorant drugs

　　Including eucalyptus, acetylcysteine capsules, ambroxol hydrochloride, fresh bamboo juice, etc., which can dilute sputum, and sputum is not easy to cough up and is suitable for postnasal drip syndrome. However, routine use is not recommended for dry cough.

　　Health tips

　　How to distinguish "COVID-19" cough from common cough?

　　Now China is making every effort to prevent and control the COVID-19 epidemic. When it comes to "cough", it will inevitably make people nervous. So, what’s the difference between a cough caused by Covid-19 and a cough caused by a common respiratory infection?

　　In view of the complexity of symptoms caused by Covid-19, it is impossible for patients to screen for infection by themselves. Clinically, in addition to fever, Covid-19 infection can sometimes be characterized by simple cough (mostly without sputum), which can also be the only first symptom of COVID-19 patients.

　　Therefore, if you have a cough, you should pay attention to the symptoms of cough and go to a regular hospital in time if you have a history of epidemiological contact. At this time, don’t buy or take medicine by yourself, so as not to delay the diagnosis of the disease and cause the spread of the virus.

　　(Author: Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Diseases)

　　During the two sessions of the National People’s Congress this year, cultural self-confidence once again became the focus of hot discussion. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that cultural self-confidence is a more basic, deeper and more lasting force in the development of a country and a nation. Without a high degree of cultural self-confidence and cultural prosperity, there would be no great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In the new era, China’s cultural construction has ushered in new opportunities for development, which should lead to the prosperity of socialist literature and art and the development of cultural undertakings and industries. We should tell the story of China well, improve the national cultural soft power and enhance the world influence of Chinese culture.

　　Carry forward Chinese excellent traditional culture and strengthen cultural self-confidence

　　The 2018 government work report suggests that the people’s sense of gain, happiness and security should be continuously improved. The report puts forward that it is necessary to carry forward Chinese excellent traditional culture, inherit revolutionary culture, develop advanced socialist culture and cultivate and practice socialist core values. Strengthen ideological and moral construction and create mass spiritual civilization. Accelerate the construction of philosophy and social sciences with China characteristics, prosper literary and artistic creation, and develop news publishing, radio, film and television, archives and other undertakings. Strengthen the protection and utilization of cultural relics and the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage. Build a new type of think tank. Strengthen the construction of Internet content. In-depth implementation of the project of benefiting the people through culture and cultivation of new cultural formats. Deepen cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

　　China’s cultural self-confidence stems from the excellent traditional Chinese culture nurtured by the Chinese nation’s 5,000-year history of civilization. During the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress, many deputies suggested that we must vigorously carry forward China’s excellent traditional culture, speed up the construction of a modern public cultural service system, and strive to provide rich spiritual food for the people to live a better life.

　　"The values of Chinese culture have become the most basic cultural gene of the Chinese nation. We talk about cultural self-confidence, mainly the confidence of values. " Chen Lai, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and professor of philosophy department of Tsinghua University Humanities College, believes that one of our important tasks today is to vigorously inherit and develop Chinese excellent culture, strengthen cultural self-confidence and undertake the historical mission of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　In the view of Jia Pingwa, a representative of the National People’s Congress and a writer, the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation, such as literary classics and historical sites all over the country, all reflect our cultural confidence. He said that to strengthen cultural self-confidence, we must learn and inherit excellent traditional culture and literary classics. He admits that in recent years, advocacy and initiatives such as reading by the whole people and restoring traditional culture are conducive to understanding, understanding and strengthening cultural self-confidence.

　　Liao Huage, deputy to the National People’s Congress and chairman of Nanyang Federation of Literary and Art Circles in Henan Province, believes that strengthening cultural self-confidence must start with teenagers. Young people are the pillars of the country’s future development. It is suggested that we should increase the intensity and scope of excellent traditional culture education from kindergarten to primary schools, middle schools and universities, so that young people can "remember to dig wells while enjoying the cool, and not forget to plant trees", so that they can learn nutrition from excellent traditional culture, find motivation, discover the beauty of Chinese culture, root their cultural confidence in their hearts, and be subtly affected, thus rallying a powerful force for building a great Chinese dream.

　　Deepen cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and tell the story of China well.

　　Practicing cultural self-confidence requires us to tell the story of China well, spread the voice of China well, let Chinese culture go global, and promote cultural exchanges and mutual learning between China and foreign countries. According to the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, in the new era, China will actively promote international cooperation in the belt and road initiative, strengthen cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, promote the construction of international communication capacity, tell the story of China well, show a true, three-dimensional and comprehensive China, and improve the country’s cultural soft power.

　　The Opinions on Strengthening and Improving Humanities Exchanges between China and Foreign Countries issued by the General Offices of the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council proposes to strengthen the comprehensive communication capacity building of humanities exchanges between China and foreign countries, promote the joint production, joint interview and cooperative publication of Chinese and foreign radio, film and television, publishing institutions and news media, promote the mutual broadcast and exchange of Chinese and foreign film and television programs, implement special exchange projects and plans in the fields of books, films and television, and cultural performances, and enrich the literary and artistic contents and carriers of humanities exchanges; Make "People-to-People Exchange in internet plus" bigger and stronger, and realize the mutual complement and benign interaction between the entity and the virtual exchange platform. By enriching the forms of media communication and building all-media and cultural communication institutions with international influence, we can tell the story of China well, spread the voice of China, explain the road of China, and enhance the closeness of China’s cultural image.

　　Wang Shucheng, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and editor-in-chief of the overseas edition of People’s Daily, believes that telling the world the story of China in the new era is to promote the excellent Chinese culture silently and make cultural integration become a bridge between Community of Shared Future for Mankind. China’s culture is extensive and profound, and many ideas reflect the common value pursuit of human civilization. It is necessary to further enhance cultural self-confidence, and tell the story of China carefully by broadening horizons, expanding channels and integrating resources, so that Chinese and foreign cultures can realize benign interaction in exchanges and mutual learning; By further improving the level of creativity, China cultural symbols can be transformed into world-famous cultural products and ideas, and the world can perceive China and understand China through culture, thus effectively improving China’s cultural soft power.

　　"To spread the voice of China to the world and tell the story of China well, we need to study and choose the most effective communication strategy. It is necessary to understand each other’s historical traditions, cultural psychology and information acceptance habits. " An Laishun, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of the International Association of Museums, believes that today, China culture has taken a decisive step to go abroad. What needs to be further strengthened is to let China culture really go in, enter each other’s hearts, resonate emotionally, and let people of all countries truly and naturally realize that Chinese culture is an excellent culture with eternal charm across time and space.

　　Wu Hongliang, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and vice president of Beijing Painting Academy, said that telling the story of China well requires innovation in ways and means. He suggested that in the process of foreign cultural exchange, we can fully tap the international art collections and talent resources, and make use of the existing conditions in other countries to complete the exhibition, research and dissemination of China art locally. The result is low cost, quick effect, great influence and deep integration, which can improve China’s cultural soft power with half the effort and provide new ideas for promoting the international communication ability of China traditional culture.

　　China Cultural Exchange Network: Actively Building a National Cultural Soft Power Communication Platform

　　China Cultural Exchange Network, a comprehensive, public-welfare and cultural information website under the academic guidance of China Institute of Economic Reform and Development of Renmin University of China and Guosheng Think Tank, takes "promoting traditional culture and serving China in the future" as its purpose, actively implements "Several Opinions on Strengthening and Improving People-to-People Exchanges between China and Foreign Countries", earnestly strengthens the construction of communication capacity, and is committed to building an Internet cultural exchange platform and a national cultural soft power communication platform.

　　China Cultural Exchange Network integrates the Internet, mobile terminals, WeChat, Weibo, video, newspapers and other media platforms, and is forming a multi-level communication mode such as graphics, text, audio and video. The website has carried out strategic cooperation with domestic authoritative academic institutions, book publishing, film and television production, intangible cultural heritage protection, tourism, big data, industrial parks and other industrial entities, forming a systematic independent intellectual property right of "culture+",which has demonstrated China’s cultural soft power and cultural self-confidence in external communication. In September 2017, China Cultural Exchange Network was awarded the "Computer Software Copyright Registration Certificate" by the National Copyright Administration of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (registration number: 2017SR541515). It has successively obtained the trademark right granted by the State Trademark Office (registration number: 13524174), the copyright registration certificate issued by the State Copyright Administration (Guo Zuo Deng Zi -2014-F-00156441), and won the "China Government Website Excellence Award in 2014 and 2015", and the innovative service platform of "internet plus Culture" in 2016, which was approved by Beijing Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television Bureau.

　　The large-scale network digital platform of "Window of China Digital Expo Hall" established by the website’s independent innovation spreads Chinese excellent traditional culture through the whole media with the digital technology of "Silk Road Cloud" from five aspects: network art museum, network literature museum, network intangible cultural heritage museum, network photography museum and network academic center. Among them, the network academic center is a new network think tank platform launched by China Cultural Exchange Network to promote the integration and innovation of "media think tanks". At present, many famous experts and scholars such as Wang Yiwei, Zhao Lei, Chen Ping, Zhang Xuedong, Ke Yinbin, Yuan Li, Zhao Jianjun, Zhang Baotong and Lu Yintao have been launched, and their important viewpoints, academic achievements and social influence have been presented and displayed intensively.

　　China Cultural Exchange Network has long been concerned about the cultural communication and economic development of "the belt and road initiative", and cooperated with the launch of large-scale special topics and special actions involving "the belt and road initiative" cultural exchange, tourism, ecology, pension, health, intangible cultural heritage protection, Chinese medicine, film and television, logistics and other fields. The website launched a series of new media projects such as "Silk Road Meeting Room" and "Think Tank Meeting Room", and through the platform information channel of "internet plus", The belt and road initiative Cultural Communication and Economic Development Forum, the belt and road initiative Intangible Heritage Protection Special Action, the belt and road initiative Hundred People Forum, Silk Road Business Leaders Summit (Xi ‘an), montana International Forum, Silk Road International Film Festival New Silk Road Youth Video Contest, the belt and road initiative (Weinan) Sister City Dialogue, the belt and road initiative (Weinan) Sister City Development Conference, and The Most Beautiful Sunset Red. Henan Zhongyuan Aquatic Logistics Port and other large-scale topics, deeply interpret and promote the demonstration projects and sample projects in the field of "the belt and road initiative" cultural communication and economic development, and explore the new mode of "the belt and road initiative" cultural exchange.China Cultural Exchange Network has held the "Light of Civilization, Person of the Year in China Cultural Exchange" for five consecutive years, focusing on individuals and organizations that have made outstanding contributions to the promotion of "the belt and road initiative" cultural communication and economic development, and the mutual learning of Chinese culture and Chinese and foreign civilizations, and encouraging all sectors of society to participate in cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

　　CHINA Cultural Exchange Network participated in the co-sponsored "CHINA in My Eyes" city brand publicity project, covering the "China in My Eyes" photo essay contest and many sub-activities such as China Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Guiyang, Dali, Quanzhou, Dalian, Zhengzhou, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong. The theme of "CHINA in My Eyes" is "Tell the story of China well and spread the voice of China well". Through images and words, it truly records and reflects the new normal in China’s cultural, economic and social fields, promotes people-to-people exchanges and shows the achievements and great progress of urban development. After several years of operation, it has become a large-scale publicity project to display the image of China and shape the city brand, and has made positive contributions to enhancing the country’s cultural soft power.