分类： hanzhen

Conflict and turmoil are still the key words in the Middle East in 2016, and ethnic and religious contradictions are constantly intertwined with the game between big countries inside and outside the region. After the long-term turmoil in the Middle East, development and stability have become the common aspiration of countries and people in the Middle East, especially the desire of Arab countries to avoid chaos and seek governance is even stronger. People’s determination, avoiding chaos, seeking governance and development may be the hope of turbulent Middle East.

The situation in the Middle East in 2016 continued the basic characteristics of the interweaving of transformation and turmoil since the Middle East changed. On the one hand, the turmoil in the Middle East continues to deepen, spread and spill over, which is highlighted by the crisis of breaking diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran, the deepening of the game between the great powers of the United States and Russia, the attempted coup in Turkey, the many large-scale terrorist attacks launched by the Islamic State in Europe and the Middle East, the difficult anti-terrorism struggle against the Islamic State, the stalemate in the political settlement of the Syrian issue, the rising Kurdish issue, the continued low oil prices, and the difficult transition of countries in the Middle East. On the other hand, the Middle East, which has experienced long-term turmoil, has also seen a chance to seek governance in chaos. From a regional perspective, despite the deepening of the game between big countries inside and outside the region, the consensus on politically solving regional hot issues such as the Syrian crisis, jointly coping with the terrorism and refugee crisis, and strengthening international cooperation against the "Islamic State" has been enhanced; From the national level, the transition process of the Middle East countries is still very difficult, but it is becoming the common aspiration of the countries and people in the region to be determined, avoid chaos and seek governance and development.

The game between the great powers of the United States and Russia has deepened.

But it did not move towards full-scale confrontation.

On the global strategic level, the fundamental reason for the continued deepening of the Middle East turmoil in 2016 lies in the adjustment of the Middle East strategy of the United States and Russia and the complex game between them. However, the relationship between them is in a state of limited confrontation, competition and cooperation, and it has not moved towards a large-scale comprehensive confrontation.

Overall contraction and controllable leadership constitute the basic characteristics of American Middle East strategy, which is the fundamental reason why the United States has relaxed its Syrian policy, eased its relations with Iran and limited its investment in cracking down on "Islamic State". While the United States is relatively retreating, Russia has stepped up its involvement in Middle East affairs by attacking the "Islamic State" militarily to help the Bashar regime in Syria, increasing its strategic investment in regional powers such as Iran and Egypt, and taking the Middle East as the main direction to break through the strategic dilemma after the Ukrainian crisis. The strategic situation of the United States retreating from Russia and the contradictions between the two sides around the Syrian crisis, the fight against the "Islamic State" and the struggle for regional power all complicate the regional hot issues and the differentiation and combination of regional forces, making the Middle East issue an important part of Medvedev’s so-called "new cold war".

But at the same time, we should also see that Russia’s strategic investment in the Middle East is still a limited investment based on local interests, and Russia does not yet have the strength and willingness to compete with the United States and the West for the Middle East in an all-round way. Therefore, the game between the United States and Russia in the Middle East is limited and controllable. There is still room for cooperation and interest exchange between the two sides on the Syrian issue and the fight against the "Islamic State", and the relationship between the two sides has not moved towards a comprehensive large-scale confrontation. The situation of US-Russian relations in 2016 shows that the two sides have had frequent interactions around the Syrian issue and the fight against the "Islamic State". The two sides even reached a ceasefire agreement on the Syrian crisis in September 2016, which shows that the two sides have a willingness to cooperate, but due to serious differences, the ceasefire agreement quickly fell through. Subsequently, the two sides vetoed each other at the UN Security Council in October, so that the draft resolutions on Syria proposed by France, Spain and Russia were not passed, which shows the deep differences between the two sides. Judging from the future development trend, the United States and Russia will fight for a political solution to the Syrian issue, crack down on the "Islamic State" and actively strive for regional powers, but the two sides will also carry out limited cooperation around regional hot issues.

The regional pattern continues to be unbalanced,

However, it is difficult for any regional power to dominate.

From the perspective of the pattern of the Middle East, the root of the current chaos in the Middle East lies in the drastic changes in the Middle East, the strategic adjustment of the United States in the Middle East, the sudden emergence of the "Islamic State" and other factors, which have made it difficult to rebuild the regional pattern and never form a relatively stable balance of power structure. In 2016, the imbalance of the pattern in the Middle East was further aggravated, which was highlighted by the continuous deterioration of the strategic environment of Turkey and Saudi Arabia, and the ambition of their great powers was continuously frustrated by internal and external difficulties.

First of all, the geopolitical, ethnic and sectarian confrontation between the two camps with Saudi Arabia and Iran as the core has become increasingly solid, but the confrontation between the two sides is more agent competition and has not moved towards a comprehensive direct confrontation. In the past few years, Saudi Arabia and Iran have launched a continuous agency competition around Bahrain, Syria, Iraq and Yemen. At the beginning of 2016, the crisis of breaking diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran led to the openness and factionalization of confrontation between the two sides. The contradiction between the two sides was not a simple sectarian contradiction, but a superposition of three major contradictions: the geopolitical contradiction for regional dominance, the Arab-Persian contradiction, and the Sunni-Shia contradiction. The confrontation between the two sides presents a "new normal" of constant discord but not going to war, and the countries in the Middle East are gradually divided into Saudi camp, Iranian camp and middle camp. After the sanctions were lifted, Iran’s rising momentum became more and more obvious, but it was still difficult to get out of the predicament of long-term sanctions in a short time. For Saudi Arabia, although its status as a big country still exists, it has fallen into serious strategic anxiety due to the rise of Iran, the impact of low oil prices, diplomatic difficulties and the retrogression of Saudi-American allies.

Secondly, Turkey attacked from all sides based on multiple goals such as seeking great power status, competing for regional dominance, and solving the domestic Kurdish issue, but its great power ambition was seriously frustrated in 2016. In recent years, Turkey has made bad relations with Israel on the Palestinian-Israeli issue, wrestled with Iran on the Syrian issue, fought with the Egyptian Sethi regime on the Muslim Brotherhood issue, clashed with Iraq and Syria on the Kurdish issue, played a game with Russia on the Syrian issue and the fight against the "Islamic State", and even competed with Saudi Arabia on the issue of Sunni dominance and Islamic world dominance, and played more negative roles. In 2016, Turkey was deeply impacted by the attempted coup, the Kurdish issue, frequent terrorist attacks and other issues. With the early scenery of the "Arab Spring" no longer, Turkey’s diplomacy has become cautious and restrained.

Finally, the traditional regional powers have different powers, and their power restructuring is far from in place. Although the status of Egypt and Israel cannot be underestimated, it is difficult for them to make great achievements. Judging from the comparative situation of the five regional fulcrum countries, namely Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey and Israel, except for the above-mentioned Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, Egypt’s status has greatly declined due to domestic turmoil and economic sluggishness, but the Sethi regime is seeking to revitalize Egypt’s status as a regional power. Israel’s security environment has been greatly improved, and its economic and scientific strength has made it an alternative stable country among the major powers in the Middle East. However, apart from adopting a more stubborn and conservative policy on the Palestinian-Israeli issue, Israel simply does not have the conditions and ability to lead regional affairs.

In short, in the current regional structure, the unfavorable position of major powers is further highlighted, and it is difficult for all parties to dominate regional affairs. Its positive impact is that the foreign strategies of major powers will tend to be cautious and rational, creating conditions for political solutions to regional hot issues; Its negative impact is that the continued imbalance of regional pattern will lead to the aggravation of regional disorder and seriously affect regional security and stability.

The transformation of Middle East countries is difficult.

But seeking development and stability has become the general trend.

Generally speaking, there are three types of countries in the Middle East: first, countries governed by chaos, represented by Egypt and Tunisia, whose overall situation is that although their situation has improved, their prospects are still not optimistic. To a large extent, they have only initially completed the task of maintaining national stability, but they are far from finding a suitable development path; Second, countries with persistent turmoil, such as Syria, Yemen, Libya and Iraq, are still in serious turmoil, and national reconstruction is seriously hindered; Third, most other Middle Eastern countries facing the pressure of transformation are solving long-standing problems through political and economic reforms and enhancing their national governance capacity.

The above three types of countries are all facing heavy transformation pressure. The important task of a country ruled by chaos lies in exploring the development path and development model. The key task of a country with serious turmoil lies in achieving stability at an early date, while the important task of a country facing transformation pressure lies in alleviating and releasing contradictions through reform and avoiding repeating the mistakes of the "Arab Spring" through development and transformation. For the first two types of countries, 2016 is still in a stalemate where transformation and turmoil are intertwined, and there is no new breakthrough; There are two noteworthy phenomena in countries facing the pressure of transformation, that is, Gulf Arab countries are actively promoting the transformation of national economic development, and the attempted coup in Turkey has exposed the profound pressure they are facing. However, from the perspective of the whole region, it is becoming the common aspiration of the countries and people in the region to be calm, avoid chaos and seek governance and development.

First of all, the GCC countries represented by Saudi Arabia, which are traditional energy powers, are actively exploring national transformation and trying to get rid of a single economic structure by implementing medium-and long-term economic plans. In 2016, Saudi Arabia put forward the "Vision 2030" plan, the United Arab Emirates formulated the "Strategic Plan 2021" and Qatar also formulated the "National Development Plan 2030", trying to get rid of dependence on oil and realize diversified economic development, but its prospects remain to be seen.

Secondly, the attempted coup reflects the deep-seated contradictions and crises in Turkey. In 2016, the slowdown in economic growth, frequent terrorist attacks, Erdogan’s forced presidential system, deepening diplomatic difficulties and the attempted coup all indicate that Turkey’s prosperity and stability in the past decade or so since the Justice and Development Party came to power are changing. At present, the contradictions between secularism and religion, state and society, authoritarianism and democracy, army and government, nation and religion, and nation and ethnicity constitute the main problems facing Turkey in the current transformation process. Turkey’s political, economic and social development has entered a period of profound adjustment and transformation, and may fall into the double predicament of economic recession and political turmoil.

Finally, after the long-term turmoil since the Middle East changed, development and stability have become the common aspiration of countries and people in the Middle East, especially the desire of Arab countries to avoid chaos and seek governance is even stronger. According to some opinion polls, due to the long-term political turmoil, extremism and terrorism, and the sustained economic downturn, both the Arab people and the intellectual elite have lost confidence in the so-called "Arab Spring" and are strongly eager for the country to achieve political stability and economic development. For example, a survey called "Arab Public Opinion Index" shows that the proportion of Arabs who have a positive attitude towards the "Arab Spring" has dropped from 61% in 2013 to 34% in 2015. According to the data of the Arab Youth Survey in 2016, 53% of Arab youth believe that stability is more important than democracy, while only 28% hold the opposite attitude. Therefore, people’s determination, avoiding chaos, seeking governance and development are increasingly becoming the common aspiration of countries and people in the Middle East, which may be the hope of turbulent Middle East.

(This article is from the January 2017 issue of Contemporary World)

Have you heard?

Recently, a film was released.

Movies with the theme of Yangtze River Ecology

The "smiling angel" finless porpoise is the protagonist for the first time.

Get on the big screen

What are the highlights of this movie?

Xiaobian takes you to know a wave first.

The first IP animated film of finless porpoise in China

Finless porpoise dancing in the wind

It is the first film in China with the theme of Yangtze River ecology.

Animation featuring Yangtze finless porpoise

Movies are presented from multiple angles.

From the coastline of the Yangtze River to the waters of Poyang Lake

To protect the ecology of the Yangtze river basin

And regional cultural development as the main line.

Focus on the survival dilemma of finless porpoises

Inspired by the folklore "the finless porpoise worships the wind"

From the perspective of finless porpoise

Uncover the story of Poyang Lake waterspout legend

The Yangtze finless porpoise is the flagship species of the Yangtze River.

Indicator species of ecological environment quality in the Yangtze River

This time, the protection of finless porpoise is introduced into animated films.

It is an innovation and breakthrough in the protection of finless porpoises.

Also let more people know.

And paid attention to this rare species.

The number of finless porpoises

Refers to the status of the Yangtze River aquatic ecosystem.

in recent years

With the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Yangtze River Protection Law

Formal implementation

And ten-year ban on fishing.

The ecological environment in the Yangtze River basin has been continuously improved.

The number of Yangtze finless porpoises has increased from 1,012 in 2017.

Rise to 1249 in 2022.

Achieve historic growth for the first time

Interesting "knowledge points" in movies

In order to get a better viewing experience

Here are some more

Interesting "knowledge points" in movies

Get to know in advance

1. the finless porpoise worships the wind

The name of the film "finless porpoise dancing in the wind" is taken from the legend of "finless porpoise worshiping the wind" in the counties around Poyang Lake. When the weather changes and waves blow on the surface of Poyang Lake and the Yangtze River, the finless porpoise will come out of the water "against the wind" in the direction of the wind, which is "the finless porpoise worships the wind". The appearance of "the finless porpoise worships the wind" indicates that there is a strong wind coming on the surface of Poyang Lake and the Yangtze River. Fishermen know from this that they should not go out fishing to avoid accidents.

2. waterspout

The "waterspout" in the movie is a "tornado" that happens on the water surface. Fishermen in the counties around Poyang Lake are commonly known as "dragons suck water". When there is a tornado on the water, the water will be rolled up into the air, just like a dragon sucking water from a lake. The formation of this phenomenon is related to the strong updraft in strong thunderstorm clouds. Under normal circumstances, tornadoes can absorb water and rise to form a water column, which is connected with clouds.

3. Yun Mengze

A place repeatedly mentioned in the film, "Yunmengze", was the floorboard of the lakes in Jianghan Plain of Hubei Province in ancient times. Since Xia and Shang Dynasties, a large-scale lake group has appeared in the hinterland of Jianghan Plain (between the Yangtze River and Hanshui River), that is, Guyun Mengze. This is the predecessor of Jianghan Lake Group, the largest freshwater lake group in China. Under the influence of climate change, changes in the Yangtze River and other factors, Guyun Mengze experienced prosperity in Xia and Shang Dynasties, shallow siltation in Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties, shrinking in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and finally disappeared in Tang and Song Dynasties.

Introduced so much.

Are you getting more and more interested in this film?

Walk into the cinema quickly

Feel the charm of the Yangtze finless porpoise together

Join in protecting the Yangtze River

In the team that protects the finless porpoise!

China Water Comprehensive Xinhuanet, China Youth Network and Changjiang Daily. Some pictures are from the Internet. If there is any infringement, please contact to delete them.

Copywriting | Wang Ziyue Deng Yuying

Original title: "The first domestic finless porpoise IP animated film is released! You need to know this before watching the movie → "

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　　Cctv newsSouth Korea raised the minimum hourly wage again this year, which led to an increase in the employment cost of the catering industry. In order to save costs, some restaurants have begun to introduce intelligent robots that can replace simple manpower. Recently, a noodle cooking robot in a restaurant in Seoul has attracted the attention of many consumers.

　　Reporter Liu WeiI am now in a restaurant in Seoul. What is special about this restaurant is that the chef who cooks noodles here is a robot. Guests put the selected noodles and side dishes on the corresponding operating table according to the types of noodles they like, and the robot will select ingredients, pour them into different pots to cook noodles, take them out, and then pour the corresponding soup. The whole process is very smooth. Just now, I looked at the time, and the whole process of making a bowl of noodles by the robot took less than 1 minute.

　　The developer of this noodle cooking robot accurately inputs the steps of the chef’s cooking into the relevant programs. After learning, robots can do the same actions as chefs. In addition, through a conversion technology called "intelligent tools", the robot can also pick up all kinds of dishes smoothly and skillfully use all kinds of tableware to ensure that it will not fall during the production process.

　　Shen Xiaozheng, head of a robot restaurant in South Korea.There are hot water and a variety of tableware in the cooking area, which is prone to scalding accidents and cooks are easily tired. By introducing robots, we can ensure the safety of staff and improve efficiency.

　　In this robot coffee shop, the reporter saw three intelligent robotic arms. If a guest orders a cup of hand-brewed coffee, the mechanical arm will pour the pre-ground coffee beans into the filter paper, and then pick up the fine-mouthed pot next to it for brewing. The whole process is done by imitating the actions of a professional barista. Then, as long as you input the table number to the delivery robot in the store, it can deliver coffee to the guests. In addition, there is an ice cream robot. Customers only need to wait for more than 10 seconds, and a sweet ice cream is ready.

　　Korean consumersIt is difficult to make a uniform taste by hand, but the robot can make it uniform, and the robot is also very novel in distributing snacks, which I think is particularly fun.

　　The Korean catering market is highly competitive, with an average of 125 catering enterprises per 10,000 people. According to industry insiders, intelligent robots have a high demand in the catering industry in South Korea. However, at this stage, the cooking level of robot chefs still stays in making relatively simple dishes. In the future, with the continuous improvement in practical applications, robots can bring more surprises to the catering industry.

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　　From May 1st, China will reduce the proportion of urban workers’ pension insurance rates, which is expected to reduce the social security payment burden of enterprises by more than 300 billion yuan in 2019. However, the shortage of social security funds in China has been a hot topic of social concern in recent years. On April 10th, the China Academy of Social Sciences World Social Security Research Center released the "China Pension Actuarial Report 2019-2050", which even predicted that from 2019 to 2050, the current balance of the national urban enterprise employees’ basic old-age insurance fund will begin to accelerate diving after barely maintaining a positive number for several years, and the deficit scale will become larger and larger. By 2028, the current balance will be negative for the first time, reaching negative 118.13 billion yuan, and finally by 2050, the current balance may reach negative 11.28 trillion yuan.

　　In the case of such a tight fund, the state still reduces the old-age insurance rate for urban workers. People can’t help worrying that pensions are already so tight, and they have to pay less. Can pensions be paid after retirement?

　　Social security rates have fallen for five consecutive years, and enterprises still shout that the burden is heavy.

　　In recent years, "China’s social insurance rate is the highest in the world" has been frequently reported in newspapers. Although the official response is that "the level of social insurance premium in one country cannot be simply compared among countries", it is an indisputable fact that the social security burden of enterprises and employees in China is too heavy. Before 2015, the contribution ratio of five social security items in China, including pension, medical care, unemployment, work injury and maternity, was 29.8% for enterprises and 11% for individuals, which together exceeded 40% of wages. Most workers are used to measuring their salary level according to the after-tax standard. Based on the monthly salary of 4,000 yuan, the actual cost of the enterprise is more than 7,400 yuan, except taxes and fees, provident fund, etc., a large part of which are social security contributions. In order to reduce the social security burden, many enterprises will make some small moves in private when reporting the social security payment base to the social security department, and "low payment" has even become an open secret of the industry. Although this can temporarily play the role of paying less, it will also lead to the reduction of social security benefits for future employees.

　　In order to reduce the social security burden of enterprises and individuals, since 2015, the state has reduced or phased down the social security rate five times. For example, provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) whose unit contribution ratio is 20% and whose accumulated fund balance can be paid for more than 9 months can reduce the unit contribution ratio to 19% in stages; The total rate of unemployment insurance can be reduced to 1% to 1.5% in stages. It is estimated that the current phased rate reduction policy will expire on April 30 this year, which will reduce the social security payment burden of enterprises by nearly 500 billion yuan. However, even so, these fee reductions of only one or two percentage points still make enterprises feel "not quenching their thirst". In particular, the "Reform Plan for the Collection and Management System of National Taxation and Local Taxation" promulgated last year proposed that social security would be collected by the tax authorities in a unified way, and it would be very difficult to pay social security at a low level, which means the arrival of the era of social security compliance. As soon as the news came out, it immediately caused an uproar, and enterprises were worried that labor costs would increase substantially. As a result, the voice of social security fee reduction is getting louder and louder.

　　The payment base of old-age insurance at reduced rate has also been adjusted.

　　The "Proposal" issued this time proposes to reduce the contribution ratio of basic old-age insurance units for urban employees, which can be reduced to 16% in provinces above 16%; Continue to reduce unemployment insurance and industrial injury insurance rates in stages, and extend the current phased rate reduction policy for another year until April 30, 2020; Adjust the social security payment base policy, and take the average wage of employees in full-caliber urban units weighted by the average wage of employees in urban non-private units and urban private units as the index for checking the upper and lower limits of the employee payment base. Individual industrial and commercial households and flexible employees can voluntarily choose an appropriate payment base within a certain range.

　　In addition to reducing the rate, the "Program" also adjusted the payment base policy. According to the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the main consideration of this change is that the average wage of employees in full-caliber urban units can more reasonably reflect the actual average wage level of insured persons than the average wage of employees in non-private units stipulated in the original policy, so as to verify the upper and lower limits of individual payment base. The payment base of employees with lower wages can be reduced accordingly and the payment burden can be reduced. Some enterprises, especially some small and micro enterprises or labor-intensive enterprises, many employees pay according to the lower limit of the payment base, and the burden of enterprise payment can be further reduced, which can benefit more.

　　For example, suppose that the average wage of employees in non-private units in a certain area is 6,000 yuan, and the lower limit of the original individual contribution base is 3,600 yuan. If the monthly salary of an employee is 3,000 yuan, the payment amount should be calculated according to the lower limit of the contribution base of 3,600 yuan. After the adjustment of calculation caliber, the average wage of employees in full-caliber urban units is 5,000 yuan, and the lower limit of individual payment base is correspondingly reduced to 3,000 yuan, so the employee can calculate the payment amount according to 3,000 yuan. By comparison, the monthly payment base is reduced by 600 yuan, the proportion of individual payment is 8%, and the monthly payment burden is correspondingly reduced in 48 yuan. If the enterprise determines the unit payment base based on the sum of individual payment bases, the monthly payment base of the enterprise will also be reduced by 600 yuan, and the payment burden can be further reduced.

　　For individual industrial and commercial households and flexible employees, after the policy adjustment, not only the average salary is adjusted, the standard is lowered, but also the range of choices is enlarged. Choosing a low base can further reduce the burden of payment, and people with higher incomes can also choose a higher base of payment to improve their retirement pension level. For example, according to the above example, if the employee is employed flexibly, the monthly payment base can be changed from 6,000 yuan to the lower limit of 3,000 yuan, then the monthly payment base will be reduced by 3,000 yuan, and the monthly payment burden will be reduced accordingly in 600 yuan.

　　Increasing accumulated balance will not cause payment risk.

　　Due to the aging of the population, China’s pension insurance funds are facing increasing payment pressure, and the increase in expenditure is higher than the increase in income. Even in some provinces, the current income is not enough, and the risk of fund "bottoming out" is increasingly prominent. The policy introduced this time will reduce the contribution of endowment insurance by 3 percentage points, and the income of endowment insurance funds will definitely decrease, and the funds that are not well-off will inevitably be more nervous. After reducing the old-age insurance rate, whether the old people’s pensions will be affected and whether they can receive full pensions has become the most concerned issue for the insured.

　　In this regard, Yu Jun, deputy director of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, said that lowering the pension insurance rate will effectively reduce the burden of social security contributions of enterprises, but it will indeed reduce the income of pension funds and increase the pressure on fund revenue and expenditure. However, the overall income of the national pension fund exceeds the expenditure, and the accumulated balance continues to increase. Overall, it will not cause the risk of pension payment and will not affect the timely and full payment of pensions. According to the statistics of the latest annual report, in 2018, the income of the basic endowment insurance fund for enterprise employees was 3.7 trillion yuan, and the expenditure was 3.2 trillion yuan. At the end of 2018, the accumulated balance of the fund was about 4.8 trillion yuan, which has strong support capacity. According to estimates, after the fee reduction, the current balance of payments can still be maintained for some time to come. While ensuring the payment, with the economic and social development, the state will continue to raise the pension level of retirees. At present, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the Ministry of Finance are organizing and implementing the annual adjustment of the basic pension in 2019 according to the deployment of the State Council, which is the 15th consecutive year to raise the basic pension level of enterprise retirees. The overall increase rate this year is 5%, and it is estimated that about 100 million enterprise retirees will benefit.

　　The central government adjusted 600 billion yuan to solve the problem of regional distribution

　　Judging from the balance of the fund, there is also an obvious "inequality between the rich and the poor" in various places. Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Hebei, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, and Qinghai have already experienced the situation that the current income cannot meet the expenditure. In 2016, the endowment insurance for enterprise employees in Heilongjiang Province even had a "debt" of 23.2 billion yuan. The endowment insurance funds in these provinces are already facing deficits. Now, isn’t it "forced" to lower the rates? Regarding this issue, You Jun said that this is a structural problem of the old-age insurance system. In 2018, the income of China’s enterprise employee pension insurance fund was 3.7 trillion yuan, the expenditure was 3.2 trillion yuan, and the accumulated balance was about 4.8 trillion yuan. However, structural problems do exist. Guangdong’s current income far exceeds its expenditure, with a current balance of nearly 170 billion yuan. However, the fund income in some areas is far lower than the expenditure, including Heilongjiang Province. This is mainly due to the rapid economic development in Guangdong Province, the large number of enterprises, and the absorption of more labor. The ratio of employees who pay insurance contributions to pensioners is 9 to 1. In Heilongjiang Province, because of the heavy burden of the old industrial base, there are many retirees, and the dependency ratio is 1.3 to 1, that is, 1.3 people support one person, so the burden of endowment insurance is naturally heavy, which leads to the fund’s income failing to meet its expenses.

　　"We also considered this time when we reduced the fees. Although individual provinces can’t make ends meet when the rate is 20%, if we don’t reduce the rate, the payment burden of enterprises will be difficult to come down, and the operating costs will be high, which will not attract enterprise investment and absorb more labor. The problem of dependency ratio will never be solved, and it is difficult to escape such a vicious circle. This time, we hope that the local endowment insurance fund will be reduced to 16% regardless of whether the income exceeds the expenditure or the expenditure exceeds the income, which is conducive to the formation of a level playing field. Of course, the specific proportion is still determined by the provinces, which is consistent with the main responsibility of the provincial government to ensure the issuance of pensions. We will intensify the central adjustment of funds. In the second half of last year, the adjustment system started, and the adjustment ratio was 3%. The total amount of funds adjusted reached more than 240 billion yuan, and developed regions or places with fund balances provided about 61 billion yuan to support difficult areas. This year, our adjustment ratio will reach 3.5%. It is estimated that the annual adjustment scale will be more than 600 billion yuan, and the actual support for difficult areas will be about 160 billion yuan, which can greatly help these areas solve the problem of pension payment. " You jun said.

　　Our reporter Dai Lili